Belém Tower
Belém Tower (in Portuguese Torre de
Belém, pron. ) is a fortified tower located in the Belém district of Lisbon,
Portugal.
It was built in the early 16th century in the Portuguese late Gothic style, the
Manueline, to commemorate Vasco da Gama's expedition. This defensive, yet
elegant construction has become one of the symbols of the city, a memorial to
the Portuguese power during the Age of the Great Discoveries. In 1983 it was
classified, together with the nearby Mosteiro dos Jerónimos, as a UNESCO World
Heritage Site.
The Belém Tower was built both as a ceremonial gateway to Lisbon and as part of
a defence system of the entrance of the Tagus river and the Jerónimos Monastery,
which was necessary to protect Lisbon. The system was initiated by King John II
(1455-1495), who built the Fortress of Cascais and the Fortress of São Sebastião
of Caparica. The banks of Belém were protected by a ship, the Grande Nau,
replaced by the Tower of Belém during the last five years of the reign of King
Manuel I.
The Tower was constructed between 1515 and 1521 by military architect Francisco
de Arruda, who had already built several fortresses in Portuguese possessions in
Morocco. The influence of the Moorish decorative art is manifest in delicate
decorations of the arched windows and balconies and in the ribbed cupolas of the
watch towers. Diogo de Boitaca, first architect of the nearby Monastery of the
Jerónimos, probably also participated in decorating the building. The
machicolation and the battlements are decorated with the rich sculptural
ornamentations of the Manueline style.
Originally, the Tower stood on a little island on the right side of the Tagus,
surrounded by water. Opposite the beach at Restelo, with the progressive
southward creeping of the shore over the years, it is now practically moored to
the bank itself. It was dedicated to the patron saint of Lisbon, St Vincent.
In 1580, when Lisbon was invaded by Spanish troops in the course of a struggle
for the Portuguese throne, the Tower fought and surrendered to the Duke of Alba.
In the following centuries the Tower was mainly used as a prison (with the
underground cellars regularly flooding) and as a custom house. Indeed, given its
height and lack of dissimulation in the landscape, some historians believe the
Tower was mostly intended to serve as a customs outpost.
In the 1840s, under the impulse of romantic writer Almeida Garrett, the Tower of
Belém was restored by King Ferdinand II. At this point many neo-manueline
decorative elements were added to the building. It was declared a National
Monument in 1910.
The Tower of Belém is considered one of the main works of the Portuguese late
gothic, the manueline style. Indeed, the tower is decorated with several typical
Manueline motifs like the armillary sphere (the symbol of Manuel I), the cross
of the Order of Christ (to which Manuel I belonged), twisted ropes, elaborate
rib vaulting and other features. However, some of the decoration dates from the
renovation of the 1840s, like the shields with the cross of the military Order
of Christ, that decorate the crenellations of the walls, and the decoration of
the small cloister of the bastion. The part of the tower facing the river
displays the richest decorations.
The Tower of Belém can be divided into two parts, the bastion, with the shape of
an irregular hexagon, and the five-story tower itself, located on the north side
of bastion. The whole ensemble looks like the bow of a caravel.
Crenelated tower with Manueline decorations
The bastion has a vaulted chamber (the casemate), with openings
in the 3.5 m-thick walls for the 17 large-calibre breech-loading cannons. The
open centre above the casemate made it easier to dispel the fumes and smokes.
The bastion platform could also be used for the emplacement of light-calibre
guns. This was the first Portuguese fortification with a two-level gun
emplacement and it marks a new development in military architecture. The corners
this platform have delicate turrets (guerites) topped by Moorish-looking
cupolas. The base of the turrets have images of beasts, including a rhinoceros,
considered to be the first sculpture of such an animal in Western European art.
This rhinoceros probably depicts the one that Manuel I sent to the Pope in 1515.
On the platform, in front of the tower, stands a statue of the Madonna of Belém
with Child and a bunch of grapes in her left hand in a richly carved niche with
a baldachin in Manueline style. The same turrets occur on the upper platform of
the tower.
The entrance to the Tower is done through a portal decorated with many Manueline
motifs, including Manuel I's badge of honour (an armillary sphere). The whole
tower is also decorated with stone twisted ropes, which even tie a knot at the
north façade of the building.
The upper corners of the tower walls have statues of St Vincent and St Michael,
as well as many fine windows with arches. The renaissance-style covered loggia,
running the full length of the south side of the first floor of the tower, is
particularly delicate. It has a Venetian touch. The many shields that decorate
the merlons are neo-manueline.
The tower itself, 35 metres high, has four storeys and a terrace that offers
wonderful views of the surrounding landscape. The powder magazine is at water
level. The next storeys are reached via a narrow spiral staircase. The next
storey was the commander's room. The second storey has covered balconies on each
side. Of the tower floors, the most interesting is the chapel of the fourth
floor, with a magnificent Manueline rib vault decorated with the armillary
sphere and the cross of the military Order of Christ, who participated in many
Portuguese conquests. The oratory is on the top floor.
Text from Wikipedia
